British Slavery in the Middle of the 18th Century Essay

British thrall in the Middle of the 18th Century - Essay ExampleThis paper declares thatin Britain colonies, the white know owned black domestics and the number of black servants one had showed their position or wealth. With time, owning slaves became a trendy role and slaves were imported to satisfy these tastes. In England, slaves were more than rejects and worthless people in the growing Atlantic empire. slavery suited Africans since the whites regarded them as less human, which then made them predators of slavery system that removed them from their homelands and cast them ashore in Europe particularly Britain. In Britain, forcing slaves into horrible labour involved justifications from the Bible and ancient Grecian practise.From the discussion it is clear thatthe definition of Britain as the largest slave trafficker globally was highly due to London. It was in London where the earliest slave traffickers like John Hawkins lived in the 16th century. In addition, the early ord inal century saw the creation of monopoly firms by Royal Charter with the objective of slave clientele. Slave trade companies located in London included The Royal Africa Company and the Royal Adventurers. Ports in London contend the crucial role of sending ships to Africa and America, and handling and processing most slave-produced goods and sugar into Britain. Obtaining slaves from African states was not an sonant task and at times, it involved random raids by Europeans before becoming a regular commerce.

The Concepts of Race Relations as Reflected in the Media Research Paper

The Concepts of Race Relations as Reflected in the Media - Research Paper ExampleStereotyping to the extent of creating media-fueled labels seduces a danger to society in which one ethnicity can be singled out in order to create a sense of safety for another. One example of this can be seen in the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II as a sign of containing the threat of the Japanese. As well, the new azimuth law that requires all non-citizens to carry identification suggests that in the fight against illegal immigration a racial profile will be used to detain anyone of appearance that might not be a legal citizen. In suggesting that whiteness is the norm from which behaviour can be identified as natural creates a conflict with the actual behaviour that exists in the world as well as a problem for those whose ethnic appearance does not fit into what is expected. The idea of whiteness is considered a defining exemplar from which the American experience is then typi fied. According to Cooks and Simpson (2008, p. 273), whiteness can be defined as a process of universalizing, through which white personal identity is inaugurated as the standard for racializing matrices - all racialized locations are compared to white identity. The word that most often is associated with this concept is that of privilege. Through the concept of privilege, the white norm is defined as a luxury of life in which racial constraints have not influenced the success of a family. The gain ground of privilege in which the white body experiences freedoms from the constraints of skin color denotes a form of stereotypical record of view that is then reflected within the media.

Tube Feeding Question and Obituary Research Paper

Tube Feeding Question and Obituary - Research Paper ExampleThe research root word Tube Feeding Question and Obituary talks about the educated response to the tube-feeding question. The affected roles condition is terminal and she has not shown any sign of relieving symptoms. Even though feeding tube is competent to prolong the uncomplainings life, you should not put the patient on the artificial feeding beca exercise of the involve risks of using feeding tube and benefits of allowing the patient to die a natural death. Moral and clinical factors affirm this position. Ethically and as the authority over the patient who is already confused and disoriented, you need to minimize torture to the patient, to yourself, and to the children. The death of the patient is evident and the associated pain will be felt, regardless of the time at which the patient dies. Life of the patient should not be the primary factor in the decision. Deciding not to use the feeding tube only amounts to al lowing the natural death process and not contributing to the patients death. A legal consideration also allows for the withholding of feeding tube and this also justifies the proposed decision. Even though failure to use feeding tube may induce pain to the patient, owing to the fact that she is fitted to respond to her environment, the level of pain can be managed. Using the tube may prolong the patients life but it has many disadvantages, some of which could end the patients life and express the tube effort useless. The patient will likely suffer from chest congestion and fluid buildup in her throat.

Cost Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

greet Accounting - Essay ExampleAbsorption cost (to a fault known as full be) is be systems which includes rule materials, direct labour and variable and refractory manufacturing overhead as product cost (Duruy, 2011).This costing regularity is norm all toldy required for external reporting purposes under GAAP since accountants believe that fixed overhead is a crucial component in the manufacturing process (Deo, 2009).. A reason for this is that stock evaluation include all production cost under UK SAAP9 so that when make headway amplifications the stock also increment (Pong, & Mitchell, 2004) On the different hand, Marginal or variable costing is costing system which includes all manufacturing cost that vary match to the number of units produced, which includes direct materials, direct labour and variable manufacturing overhead (Bhimani, 2011). Economists favour the use of marginal costing since it enhances profit maximisation (Deo, 2009) since stock increases lower the profit (Pong, & Mitchell, 2004). Theoretically, it is easy to identify the effects of the costing method used by an organization on profit. The costing method used in stock valuation therefore has an implication on profit as shown in the table below Movement increase decrease Valuation method used Full costing varying costing High profit Low profit Lower profit Higher profit Several principles were put forward in attempts of supporting either of these costing methods. For instance, the matching principle, which holds that during profit calculation, tax revenues, must be matched with the cost incurred in generating the revenue (Pong and Mitchell, 2004). Assuming prices are constant, the variable costing method results in a time series of profit that is in synch with the sales. This is considered an advantage of variable costing. The profit generated in this case is not subjected to any movements influence by changes in the stock level as the fixed costs are written off. This is f ound to defend with the realization principle that recognises profits as they occur (Pong and Mitchell, 2004). On the other hand, carrying forward fixed costs in the full costing method can boost profits in the case of locomote stock. It is acknowledged that production activities can affect profitability via the levels of stock. However, this claim has been on the spotlight as it encourages managers to increase profitability by increasing stock which may be dysfunctional to the firm (Pong and Mitchell, 2004). The main struggle between submergence costing and managerial costing is the treatment of the fixed manufacturing overhead cost, which are enured as a period cost in variable costing (Durury, 2011, p.195). The two costing methods allow be compared using the given data below. Year 1 Year 2 Sales expense 50 52 Direct Materials 10 10 Direct Labour 7 8 Variable Production overhead 5 5 Fixed Production overheads 4800 5700 Administration costs 4000 5000 Sales spate 900 1400 Pr oduction 1100 1300 The unit cost for the absorption costing method was higher at ?26.36 than the ?22.00 for the marginal costing due to the addition of ?4.36 per unit in the first stratum. The unit cost for the second year was also high for the absorption costing at ?27.38 when compared to the ?23.00 for the marginal costing. This comparison discovered that the unit cost for absorption costing was higher than the marginal costing because of the addition of the fixed manufacturing cost. The benefit of a two year comparisons is that it reveals how manufacturing cost are transferred in the absorption and managerial costing (Lere, 2000, p.29). The benefit of marginal costing is that fixed manufacturing overhead is already incurred even if there is no production for the period. (Durury,

Critical review Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical review - Article ExampleThe Hofstadter dimensions of husbandry can be employ to analyses relationships across various studies, countries, and different continents (Samaha, 2014, pg, 83). For purposes of future theory, there is a need for four tenets that break up the affection of culture impact on relationship marketing.42, 378 relationships were used in 144 studies where the continents were six across 29 countries.With the research, the method used in the first study the evidence showed that in support of the tenets that there is the enormousness of a variety of different cultures were it always varies. This can be explained where individualism and collectivism had do in 114%- 169% that had an impact that was greater in RM than other cultural situations (Theodosiou,2013, pg 73). Masculinity to femininity had no effect on RM.The second research method of analysis uses the country and regional level approach to establish RM effects when it comes to performance especially out of United States.17%,15%,38% and 55% the RM was seen to be to a greater extent effective in Brazil, Russia, India and China. This indicates that RM plays a primary role in mist developing countries of BRIC (Sium, 2013, pg 524).Cultural customization is required to establish and build client relationships that are considered as effective strategies. The model used predicts there is a 150% dependency that builds untroubled relationships especially in Russia than other countries like United States. Relationship investments were 58% less(prenominal) in Russia was less effective than in USA. The second research method of country to regional approach established that culture influences greatly relationship construction rather than relationship outcomes. In business, a manager may analyze the efficiency of relationship marketing from objective performance outcomes in the countries or regions and may place more

Small Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Small Business - Essay object lessonThe college has three academic batches out of which two were in post commencement, one in under graduation with a sum total of 150 students supported with 30 teaching staff and non-teaching staff. The students have to engender a ten minutes walk if they want to board any transport means, to eat, to shop anything for their suffer in the campus hostel.The working hours starts at 930 am in the morning breaks for a lunch at 1240pm with a break in between at 1115am.The College has a dine hall to cater the food facilities daily for both day scholars and hostellers. The payment is done monthly to the caterers .food is served except at three times a day morning breakfast, launch and dinner. A person doesnt modernize any snacks or eateries in between the sessions, as there was no facility in the campus other(a) than the dining hall.The dining hall became a profit making entity for the caterers, as there is no other option to choose for the students and the staff working in the campus. The caterers have a confined market passageway with an assured customer base and started responding to their requirements. The caterers are having monopoly in this food service as there is moreover having sole business entity in the campus.

English Lit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English Lit - Essay ExampleThe absence of any kind of of import economic, social or political rights, like right to property, freedom of speech and expression, right to vote or even the right to seek justice was the bane of the nineteenth and twentieth century woman. These social ills be reflected in the lives of these two women as they struggle to give sound to the incessant chatter of the inner vox throughout the novels.In the post-war world, when everything and everyone was coming to terms with the trauma of new beginnings the emergence of a new musical style of writing in English signaled the onset of yet another revolution. Writers like Kate Chopin and her women characters were a living sample of a colonized race that sought redemption by a deviation from reality, thus, pushing them unless into the maws of self-doubt and loathing furthering them still from the freedom of their being. Books like The Awakening portrayed the psychological journey of its female protagonist Ed na Pontellier pre-empting and skillfully projecting the image of the war-torn inner self of an American woman in the wake of a new century. Another novel of tangential equivalence in terms of character-depiction is sickening Bodies by Evelyn Waugh. The female protagonist in this novel Nina Blount is, among the other characters, a depiction of the loss of bearing and purpose and the epitome of portrayal of the war-cradled lost generation. Interestingly, despite having non-intersecting personalities, the women characters in these novels like Nina, Agatha, Edna achieve a vile and ridiculous status of living because of their loose social conventions. The fallen angels like worth argon the effeminate-degenerate as they break free from moral restraint, so cleverly put across in the lines Chastity didnt feel well, Mrs. Ape. She went below (VB, 8). The so-called

History of the Cold War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of the Cold fight - Research Paper ExampleThe Soviet power was never able to expand much under the influence of the U.S agenda. It was under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev that Russia began to bear with a political change which could not be handled and thus led to a political turmoil. The coupled States itself did not play a direct role in the collapse of Soviet coupling however it did play an indirect role in the collapse. This essay would further analyze different events which led to the item of cold war (Leffle & Westad, 2010). aft(prenominal) the World War II it was seen that the United States and Russia underwent a competition in the field of economics, race and politics to gain superiority in the world. The Cold War for Soviet Union was to take control of the communistic nations under their policy whereas the United States had the aim of removal of communism from the world. The affinity of the Soviet Union and America was never to the par as the communist nation was an ally of the Germans forward it attacked them. Communism was prevalent in the Soviet Union since its birth under the leadership of Lenin. This was followed by the tower of Joseph Stalin who further enforced communism over the states that fell under the jurisdiction of the Union. It was then that anti communist policies started to escalate in the United States creating hate amongst the masses. Yalta Conference which took place in February 1945 was start of rough traffic between the two superpowers of the world. The American President at that time was Truman who was strictly against the communists and this led to the worsening of zygomorphous relations between the two countries. The invention of atom bomb and the use of it in the World War II created fears for the Russian government which further led to the Cold War (Painter 2002). After the victory in World War II events followed which led to the Cold War among the superpowers. The Iron Curtain Speech was delivered by Winston Churchill on March 5 1946. He urged the United States for a coalition against the union because of their policies against the democracy of the world. He stated that From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line live all the capitals of the States.... and all are subject in form or another, not only to Soviet influence, but to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow (4 Gottfried). In 1946 it was bring that Soviet spies were in America looking for information regarding the atomic bomb. Moreover an agreement was violated by the Soviet Union when they did not withdraw their troops from Iran because of its resources of oil. Instead a region of Iran was annexed by the Soviet Union which later came to be known as the Soviet Socialist Republic of Azerbaijan (Leffle & Westad, 2010). In the latter(prenominal) part of the 1950s it was seen that the Russian President got even more furious a t the cultivateions of the United States. After the World War II it was seen that several of the nations faced the problem of famine. It was here that the United States launched a send off known as the Marshall Plan to provide the famine struck places with food and other supplies. The unusual ministry of the Soviet Union replied to the Marshall plan in a negative manner stating it as an act sought to infiltrate the

Swimming as a Hobby Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Swimming as a Hobby - Essay ExampleI pay back a dozen swim wear, five kinds of goggles, five colors of swim caps, swim towels that I solo use when I go to the pool. I pack my gear in urineproof bags designed for smooth athletes. I bind pool slippers, nose clips, paddle trainers, trainer boards and different kinds of skin lotion to honour my skin protected from too much sun or chlorine. I dont train and Im not a member of any travel team but I gear myself as I am a part of the varsity.I enjoy watching the swimming events at the Olympics. I also spot a bit of diving and have enjoyed the diving competitions as well as the synchronized swimming events. My hobby has taken me to go to the edgees when I have the time. This hobby has also made me visit swimming pools in many places. I would get excited to swim in a new pool whether it is big or small, in a gymnasium, hotel or resort.As an exercise, swimming has habituated me good circulation and has unbroken me from storing up un necessary calories. It has made me become conscious of my health that led me to activities such as sounding for the right kind of vitamins, the right kind of food to eat and the right drink to take. I am not fond of alcohol and would rather drink fruit juices rather than softdrinks. I am up on(predicate) with the latest herbal and organic food that helps the bodys physical and chemical functions. many a(prenominal) factors have influenced me to sustain this hobby. These factors correspond both internal and external forces. The self-satisfaction I get from swimming is truly rewarding. I tell apart the water and have been enjoying anything about the water since I was young. There is that sense of freedom in the water where one could move ones whole body effortlessly and weightlessly. Besides giving me good exercise, I notice that swimming releases stress from the body and the mind without having to add more stress and strain to the physique worry other exercise does. External fa ctors that help me sustain my interest in swimming is the people I get to meet in the pool or the places I could go to when I would explore vacation destinations with swimming areas or offering water sport activities. Swimming for me is not too expensive. I have not ventured into diving because of financial constraints but if I set my mind to it, I would not be shocked if I find myself in diving gears hundreds of feet underwater. I am fond of magazines that show beach destinations. Products and services that cater to swimming advertise in these magazines. Lastly, swimming as a hobby has given me fun. I believe that activities that become hobbies give the hobbyist a sense of pride, accomplishment, challenge and happiness. In this sense, the hobbyist would not break to spend on goods and service for something that gives him happiness and satisfaction. Consumer BehaviorConsumerism has been the life engine of many capitalist societies. Manufacturers and producers lack consumers to con sume their products again and again so that business is sustained. The knowledge of consumer behavior therefore is pivotal in product development, product promotions and business activities geared towards making the product reach consumers so that consumers can sink to buy these products or services. Personal, psychological and social factors influence decisions of consumers. Their decisions are based on the hierarchy of their values. Many buying decisions require predictions of another persons product attitudes. Yet, consumers are often inaccurate predictors, even for familiar others. (Lerouge, 2006) Depending on the

Group Leadership Project Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Group Leadership Project Reflection - Essay ExamplePrior to the start of this assignment, it is all-important(a) to define leadership. Leadership put in simple terms, according to Susan Ward (Concepts of leadership, 2011) is a process by which a person influences the behavior of his subordinates for succeeding towards a goal or objective and directs the team in a manner that makes it to a greater extent consistent and logical. But it can be said without creating a trace of doubt in anybodys mind that Leadership is that quality summed up in a person who has the power to make or remake the workings, and the ideals of any group of people, be it large or small, political or business. This gives rise to many questions and this research paper will employ precisely these points in answering those questionsLeader and Follower roles What worked well? Leaders effectiveness / efficiency Followers effectiveness / efficiency How and what were the roles developed. How dynamic / static the group w ere Power culture and structure Leadership movement How conflicts were handled and decisions madeWomen and Business LeadershipLeader and follower roles history is evident of the face that women have more often than not suffered from the very well-established male-dominate societies and businesses. In short, the male-superiority power. Even now in so many countries of the world, especially the third-world countries, women are beaten and thrown in dark rooms. This has given men the nerve to regard women as the followers and not as the leaders. Nevertheless, the women of today have fought tooth and nail to change that ideal and establish themselves too as the leaders. They have same or even better qualifications as men.

The Beat Generation & The Hippie Movement Research Paper

The begin Generation & The Hippie feat - Research Paper ExampleHowever, the first youth upheavals - clumsy, without any clear program, but rough and wild, began in the 1950s and paved the way for the successors. The elude Generation as a cultural phenomenon clearly manifested itself in the early and mid 1950s. Kerouac, who coined the term, stated that it derives from the word beatitude beat and attitude attitude towards life of an anti-conformist coevals with a unique world outlook which strives for spiritual communion, infinite love and bliss. There are galore(postnominal) interpretations of that Kerouacs beat. A young beatnik as a media stereotype of the movement is scattered, crushed, worn out and tired of the western society of that time. Beatniks were ardent fans of jazz also. Thats why the neologism could be originated by jazz rhythm. The word beatnik appeared in the American language on April 2, 1958 with a helping hand from a San Francisco Chronicle journalist, Pulit zer Prize winner Herb Caen, who employ it in his column. He added to the English word beat (taken in any meaning named above) the Russian suffix nik, taken from the popular Russian word sputnik (satellite), which became international. This research of American subcultures will be inconsistent without mentioning forefront Lettrism, inspired by Dada and Surrealism. It deeply influenced postmodern art and society as called to break with experienced traditions. It was founded in the early 1950s in France by Isidore Isou, a Romanian-born poet. The ideology was based on the charter of degeneration of words as spoken symbols in the modern world. Therefore, the followers of Lettrism preferred, for example, to write private earn instead of long telephone conversations write slogans, not novels. The Lettrists also loved to alter state of sentience and perform. They roamed around the cities and villages of America in their weird painted clothes strongly ridiculing the postwar consumer s ociety, banality of plentitude culture and absurdity of political and social system. The Beat Generation kept apace with the Lettrists. Birthplace of the Beat movement is New York. In the 1950s - early 1960s, a group consisting of artists, writers, poets, among which are Ken Kesey, knee bend Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti and their fans has drawn a large public interest. But the subculture was logically developed and received cult office in California, in particular, in its southern part, associated with the famous Venice beach art colony. It was vividly described in the famous book by Lawrence Lipton The Holy Barbarians. In the mid-1950s, the Beatniks staged performances named Jazz and Poetry in beach cafes. Their core motif was the representation of the rebellious, colorful spirit of the slums and the attempt to romanticize life of blanched trash - the one that has a significant influence on modern American culture to this day. The Beat move ment was not massive. But their antagonism toward common values and fatigue from bourgeois contemporaries (hitchhiking trips and hippy way of life of the Kerouacs heroes in the novels On the Road, Dharma Bums Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Robert Pirsig), talented immersion in literature (Howl by Ginsberg), forced confrontation (like the one at a mental hospital in Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, where the character of the ripened nurse Ratched and the hospital itself are the allusion to the state)) and artistic delights, as well as the desire to turn outdoor(a) from social and political problems and experiments with drugs (novel Junkie and Naked Lunch by Burroughs The Island and The Doors of Perception by Aldous

Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Creation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Creation - endeavor ExampleThis essay will critical evaluate the entrepreneur and enterprise activities to demonstrate a complete(a) and practical understanding of the entrepreneurial process.Lacey, born in 1968 in London, had a passion for business from a young age. At an early age, Lacey had a dream to run a business and help companies in every last(predicate) industries to recruit the best personnel required (Phillips and Gully, 2012). Before entrepreneurship, Lacey worked as a business rail private instructor in Techpartners International Company and INS for five years, and as a sales account manager in Sysdeco UK Limited for five years (Lacey, 2015). With a wealth of experience in IT sales and networking, Lacey nooky handle al or so any ch in allenge posed by the sales and recruitment sectors. Like all businesspeople, Lacey has experienced the ups and downs of entrepreneurship and understands the demands of entrepreneurship. Fortunately, Lac ey has very understanding parents who saw such actions as part of an education and did not impede with the expression of ideas. Together with the business partner, Darren Rosenfeld, the ambitious men started Next Ventures from 2001 and have overcome many challenges to give it success today (Hemingway, 2013).Laceys story is an example of what most entrepreneurs go through when starting entrepreneurship. there are many decisions to make, which are also accompanied by a degree of uncertainty that puts most businesspeople in a dilemma. Some of the main challenges Lacey faced included branding and marketing, delegation, and health and asylum (Horn, 2013). Marketing was especially challenging because it was very difficult to convince individuals and organisations that it was worth a try (Solberg, 2013). found on own experience, Lacey recommends that prospective entrepreneurs join hands with other like-minded individuals to actualise goals and objectives. One evoke even engage in entr epreneurship as a part-time venture instead of putting all efforts into one business. People

Contemporary Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Contemporary merchandise - Essay ExampleThe keep company was formed in 1998, by two Stanford University students Larry Page and Sergey Brin (Hamen, 2011). The company has giving extensively over the years and has in many ways surpassed the basic objective of accumulating all info and providing easier accessibility across the globe. As explained in the website, From offering search in a single diction we now offer dozens of products and servicesincluding various forms of advertising and web applications for all kinds of tasksin rack up of languages. And starting from two computer science students in a university dorm room, we now have thousands of employees and offices nigh the world (Google, 2011). The company now has a wide range of products and services and several different options which avail make it easier for the world to share the information. For instance the company has developed several applications like Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Docs and many others which dis h in better accessibility to data and information. The further sections will deal with the impact of technology on several aspects of merchandise of Google (Hamen, 2011).Marketing communication is a major part of every business and in some ways can be considered to be a subset of marketing itself. The marketing of a company is based on the marketing mix (4 Ps in the case of products and 7 Ps in the case of services), and marketing communication is a means of promoting the marketing mix of a company. Technology and marketing go hand in hand and with the ever changing technology, the options for marketing communication have similarly increased to a great extent (Jobber, 2009).Marketing communication within a company needfully to be integrated as it helps keep the customers aware of the brand name and image. Advancing technology is by all odds not a trend and this has a number of

Helicopter paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Helicopter paper - Essay ExampleThis involves examine the current parameters and the attributed measurements. In the casing, the follo move table will be used in restructuring the measurements so that they mickle meet the expectations of the customers by improving the PHC helicopter construction in a bid to prolong the passage time.The table intimates the needed adjustment on the PHC helicopter to have met the customers desires of unlimited line of achievement time. The current measurements as indicated in X offer the limited flight time which the customers be complaining about. In the case of Y, it represents the measurements which will offer the customers a prolonged flight time (PILGER, 2005). The results in the table attributed to the five factors which are the primary impediment are studied through a factorial experiment.From the table of results above, it can be deduced that when the naked modifications have been implemented in the PHC helicopter the optimum flight time improves from the initial least(prenominal) optimum flight time. The following computations give the mean of the flight time before and after modifications.The results indicate that the five factors were the cause of the limited flight time. In the event that they are adjusted as indicated earlier, the new design of the helicopter will meet the customers needs of having a prolonged flight time. The new modifications of the wing length, body length, body width, paper clips and folded wings. This explains the reason why the modifications are necessary when certain efficiency is required. ground on the results, the relationship between the five factors and the flight time can be deduced. The magnitude of the curve ball as evidenced in the results needs to be ascertained whether it is significant on the dependent variable, which is the flight time. In essence, the number of the paper clips has a fairly negative effect relative to the flight time. For instance, the to a greater exten t the number of the paper clips the faster the flight time. In

Business Communication Process for Toyota Essay

Business Communication Process for Toyota - Essay employmentThe chat crop is fundamental in communicating the corporations goal to various persons. It would be advantageous for Toyota to employ modern styles of converse. In numerous cases, both oral and nonverbal communication is subservient in relaying information (Daneci-Patrau, 2011). Misunderstandings usually arise when the mode of communication does not fulfill its intended aim during operations. Instead, it makes an organization ineffective in conducting its other duties, especially managerial roles. The goal of communication within Toyota is to parent understanding between the sender and the receiver of the information (Guffey, Rogin and Rhodes, 2009). This happens at all levels of operations from the top caution to the subordinates. It is often at the departmental level that communication impacts are felt within an organization since it is in such areas that an organizations productiveness can be influenced via communi cation. Indeed, effective communication assists businesses in achieving their personate objectives. In the case of Toyota Corporation, the management can enhance productivity by introducing the application of advanced communication techniques. This leave alone be facilitated by the guidelines on the proposal on the means of improving their communication process using similar approaches to what Digicom uses in within its departments. The information from this piece give be used by other organizations intending to advance the approaches they use in interacting at the operational level. Business Communication Process for Toyota innovation Modernization is altering the operations of Toyota Corporation. As evident in the corporations outlet across the globe, the communication systems seem to differ while constantly changing to embrace divergent concerns. For example, the introduction of engineering science is not only benefiting Toyota but also equally affecting businesses. Due to these shortcomings, the management has been forced to drum effective measures to enhance communication within their organization (Pride, Hughes, and Kapoor, 2012). In order to effectively comprehend the operations in various departments within the entity, the administrators within the company use modernized approaches of communication as hostile to their traditional methods. Consequently, this paper devises ways which the administrators of Toyota will use in enhancing coordination within operations. The paper equally proffers recommendations that Toyota will use to minimize miscommunication within its organizations, since effective interaction will lead to an increase in productivity the suggestions from this paper should apply to all of the members of the Corporation, regardless of the roles they play. Furthermore, the paper intends to integrate the traditional and the modern approaches to communication that Toyota will use in solving conflicts within the organization. Methodolog y Data collected from the approaches that Toyota Corporation uses in their communication is instrumental in presenting this proposal.

Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay Example for Free

living organism do work by George Orwell EssayAnimal leaven is an everyegorical wisela by George Orwell published in England on 17 August 1945. According to Orwell, the watchword reflects plaints leading up to and during the Stalin era before the Second being War. Orwell, a democratic socialist,1 was a critic of Joseph Stalin and hostile to Moscow-directed authoritarianism, e superfluously after his experiences with the NKVD and the Spanish Civil War.2 In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell elapsethylstil scooprolcribed Animal Farm as his impertinent contre Stalin.3 The original title was Animal Farm A Fairy Story, however the subtitle was dropped by U. S. publishers for its 1946 publi true cation and subsequently all provided adept of the versions during Orwells lifetime omitted the asset.Other variations in the title include A Satire and A coeval Satire.3 Orwell suggested the title federation des rpubliques socialistes creaturees for the French translation, whi ch recalled the French give ear of the Soviet Union, Union des rpubliques socialistes sovitiques, and which abbreviates to URSA, the Latin for bear, a symbol of Russia.3Time magazine chose the book as one of the one hundred best English-language novels (1923 to 2005)4 it excessively places at number 31 on the Modern Library List of vanquish 20th-Century Novels. It won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996 and is also included in the Great Books of the western sandwich terra firma.The novel addresses non only the corruption of the alteration by its leading only if also how wickedness, indifference, ignorance, covetousness and myopia corrupt the revolution. It portrays corrupt leadership as the flaw in revolution, rather than the act of revolution itself. It also shows how potential ignorance and indifference to problems within a revolution could allow horrors to top if a motionless transition to a peoples government is not achieved.Plot summary increases revolutionOld major (ip), the senile wild boar on the Manor Farm, calls the animals on the farm for a meeting, where he compargons the humanness to parasites and readesthe animals a revolutionary song, Beasts of England. When Major dies two young craps, increase and pile, assume command and turn his aspiration into a philosophy. The animals revolt and motility the drunken and irresponsible Mr Jones from the farm, renaming it Animal Farm. They adopt septette Commandments of Animal-ism, the roughly important of which is, All animals ar equal.Snowball attempts to teach the animals accepting and writing food for thought is plentiful, and the farm runs smoothly. The atomic number 29s elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items, ostensibly for their personal health. cat sleep tell aparts the pups from the farm dogs and trains them privately. When Mr Jones tries to retake the farm, the animals defeat him at what they call the engagement of the Cowshed. Napo leon and Snowball struggle for leadership. When Snowball announces his mood for a wind generator, Napoleon has his dogs chase Snowball forward and decl ars himself leader.Napoleons ruleNapoleon enacts changes to the governance structure of the farm, replacing meetings with a committee of pigs, who will run the farm. apply a young pig named slovenly person as a mouthpiece, Napoleon announces that Snowball stole the caprice for the windmill from him. The animals work harder with the promise of easier recognises with the windmill. After a violent storm, the animals find the windmill annihilated. Napoleon and rotter convince the animals that Snowball destroyed the windmill, although the scorn of the neighbouring farmers suggests that the windmills walls were too thin. formerly Snowball becomes a scapegoat, Napoleon begins catharsis the farm with his dogs, eating animals he accuses of consorting with Snowball. He and the pigs abuse their power, imposing more curb while reservin g privileges for themselves and revising history, villainising Snowball and glorifying Napoleon. Squealer justifies every statement Napoleon trade names, even the pigs alteration of the seven Commandments of Animalism. No animal shall eternal sleep in beds is changed to No animal shall sleep in beds with sheets when the pigs be imageed to have been quiescency in the oldfarmhouse. No animal shall deglutition intoxi stomacht is changed to No animal shall drink alcohol to excess when the pigs discover the farmers whiskey. Beasts of England is replaced by an anthem glorifying Napoleon, who appears to be adopting the lifestyle of a man. The animals, though cold, starving and overworked, bide convinced that they are better off than they were when under Mr Jones. Squealer abuses the animals poor memories and invents numbers to show their improvement.Mr Frederick, one of the neighbouring farmers, swindles Napoleon by buying old wood with forged money, and then attacks the farm, usi ng blasting demolish to blow up the restored windmill. Though the animals win the action, they do so at great cost, as numerous, including bagger, are wounded. Despite his injuries, Boxer continues working harder and harder, until he collapses while working on the windmill. Napoleon sends for a van to take Boxer to the veterinary surgeons, explaining that better care can be given there. benzoin the donkey, who could read as well as any pig,5 notices that the van belongs to Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler (a knacker), and attempts to assume a rescue but the animals attempts are futile. Squealer reports that the van was purchased by the hospital and the writing from the foregoing owner had not been repainted. He recounts a tale of Boxers death in the hands of the best medical care. Shortly after Boxers death, it is revealed that the pigs have purchased more whiskey.HumanisationYears pass, and the pigs learn to base on balls up obligation, carry whips and wear clothes. The Seven Commandments are reduced to a single phrase All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than oppositewises. Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs and the humans of the area, who congratulate Napoleon on having the hardest-working but least fed animals in the country. Napoleon announces an bond certificate with the humans, against the work classes of twain worlds. He abolishes practices and traditions related to the Revolution, and changes the name of the farm to The Manor Farm.The animals, overhearing the conversation, notice that the faces of thepigs have begun changing. During a poker match, an argument breaks out between Napoleon and Mr Pilkington when they both play the Ace of Spades, and the animals realise that the faces of the pigs look bid the faces of humans, and no one can tell the difference between them.AnimalismSeven Commandments redirects here. For the Noahide code, see Seven Laws of Noah.The seven laws listed by the Tosefta an d the Talmud are71. Prohibition of Idolatry2. Prohibition of Murder3. Prohibition of Theft4. Prohibition of sexual immorality5. Prohibition of Blasphemy6. Prohibition of eating flesh taken from an animal while it is muted alive7. Establishment of courts of lawThe pigs Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer adapt Old Majors ideas into an authentic philosophy, which they formally name Animalism. Soon after, Napoleon and Squealer indulge in the vices of humans (drinking alcohol, sleeping in beds, trading). Squealer is engaged to alter the Seven Commandments to account for this humanisation, an allusion to the Soviet governments revising of history in order to exercise control of the peoples beliefs about themselves and their society.6The original commandments are1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.3. No animal shall wear clothes.4. No animal shall sleep in a bed.5. No animal shall drink alcohol.6. No animal shall kill any other animal.7. All animals are equal.Later, Napoleon and his pigs secretly alteration some commandments to clear them of accusations of law-breaking (such(prenominal) as No animal shall drink alcohol having to excess appended to it and No animal shall sleep in a bed with with sheets added to it). The changed commandments are as follows, with the changes bolded1. No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets.2. No animal shall drink alcohol to excess.3. No animal shall kill any other animal without cause.Eventually these are replaced with the maxims, All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others, and quartet legs unsloped, two legs better as the pigs become more human. This is an ironic thread to the original usage of the Seven Commandments, which were supposed to keep order within Animal Farm by uniting the animals together against the humans, and by prevent animals from following the humans evil habits. Through the revision of the commandments, Orwell demon strates how only if political dogma can be turned into malleable propaganda.7CharactersPigsOld Major An aged observe Middle White boar provides the inspirationthat fuels the Rebellion in the book. He is an allegory of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, the founders of fabianism, in that he draws up the principles of the revolution. His skull being range on revered public display also recalls Lenin, whose embalmed body was put on display.89Napoleon A large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way,10 An allegory ofJoseph Stalin,8 Napoleon is the main villain of Animal Farm. In the first base French version of Animal Farm, Napoleon is called Csar, the French form of Caesar,3 although other translation has him as Napolon.11Snowball Napoleons rival and original head of the farm after Jones overthrow. He is mainly base on Leon Trotsky,8 but also combines elements from Vladimir Lenin.9Squ ealer A small white fat porker who serves as Napoleons right hand pig and minister of propaganda, holding a position similar to that of Molotov.8Minimus A poetic pig who writes the second and third national anthems of Animal Farm after the singing of Beasts of England is banned.The Piglets Hinted to be the children of Napoleon (albeit not explicitly stated) and are the first generation of animals actually subjugated to his idea of animal inequality.The young pigs Four pigs who complain about Napoleons takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed. conjunctivitis A minor pig who is mentioned only once he is the pig that tastes Napoleons food to make certain(predicate) it is not poisoned, in response to rumours about an assassination attempt on Napoleon.HumansMr Jones The former owner of the farm, Jones is a very heavy drinker. The animals revolt against him after he drinks so much that he does not feed or take care of them.Mr Frederick The tough owner of Pi nchfield, a well-kept neighbouring farm, who briefly enters into an alliance with Napoleon, represents Germany.Mr Pilkington The easy-going but crafty owner of Foxwood, a neighbouring farm overgrown with weeds, represents Britain.Mr Whymper A man hired by Napoleon for the public relations of Animal Farm to human society, who is eventually used to procure luxuries alike alcohol for the pigs.EquinesBoxer Boxer is a loyal, kind, dedicated, and respectable horse, although quite dim-witted.Clover Boxers companion, constantly care for him she also acts as a matriarch of sorts for the other horses and the other animals in general.Mollie Mollie is a self-centred, self-indulgent and vain young white mare who quickly leaves for another farm after the revolution.Benjamin Benjamin, a donkey, is one of the oldest animals. He has the worst temper, but is also one of the wisest animals on the farm, and is one of the few who can actually read. He is skeptical and pessimistic, his most-often -made statement being Life will go on as it has always gone on that is, badly.12Other animalsMuriel A wise old goat who is friends with all of the animals on the farm. She, like Benjamin and Snowball, is one of the few animals on the farm who can read.The Puppies Offspring of Jessie and Bluebell, taken away from them by Napoleon at birth and reared by Napoleon to be his security force.Moses An old raven who occasionally visits the farm, regaling its denizens with tales of a wondrous place beyond the clouds called Sugarcandy survey, where he avers that all animals go when they diebut only if they work hard. He is interpreted as symbolising the Russian Orthodox Church, with Sugarcandy Mountain an allusion to Heaven for the animals.13The Sheep They show limited understanding of the situations but nonetheless blindly support Napoleons ideals.The Hens The hens are among the first to rebel against Napoleon.The Cows Their milk is stolen by the pigs, who learn to milk them, and is s tirred into the pigs mash every daytime while the other animals are denied such luxuries.The Cat Never seen to carry out any work, the cat is absent for long periods, and is forgiven because her excuses are so convincing and she purred so affectionately that is was impossible not to conceive in her sober intentions.14 She has no interest in the politics of the farm, and the only time she is recorded as having participated in an election, she is found to have actually voted on both sides.14Glossary of TermsCoccidiosis a leechlike infection that causes spread over diarrhea and sudden death in animalsCommunism a theory or system of social organization based on theholding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the connection as a whole or to the state in practice, communism is often a totalitarian system of governmentComrade a fellow member of a political party a member of the Communist partyDisinter to exhume to unearth that which is inhumedProletariat in Marxism, the class of workers, especially industrial wage earners, who do not possess smashing or property and must sell their labor to survivePropaganda information, ideas, or rumors disseminated to help or disparage a person, group, movement, institution, nation, or other entityRegime a mode or system of rule or government such a system when in powerSocialism a theory or system of social organization that advocates vesting the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, and other assets in the community as a wholeTotalitarianism absolute control by the state or a governing branch of a highly centralized institutionTushes small, short tusks such as those be to a boar.Major ThemesThe Soviet Union under StalinismAnimal Farm is a sarcasm of totalitarian governments in their many guises. barely Orwell composed the book for a more specific purpose to serve as a cautionary tale about Stalinism. It was for this reason that he approachsuch di fficulty in getting the book published by the time Animal Farm was progress to to meet its reviewers, the Allies were cooperating with the Soviet Union. The allegorical characters of the novel represent specific historical figures and different factions of majestic Russian and Soviet society. These include Karl Marx (Major), Vladimir Lenin (Major), Leon Trotsky (Snowball), Joseph Stalin (Napoleon), Adolf Hitler (Frederick), the Allies (Pilkington), the peasants (Boxer), the elite (Mollie), and the church (Moses).The resemblance of some of the novels events to events in Soviet history is indubitable. For example, Snowballs and Napoleons power struggle is a direct allegory of Trotskys and Stalins. Fredericks trade agreement with Napoleon, and his subsequent breaking of the agreement, represents the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact that preceded World War II. The following Battle of the Windmill represents World War II itself.Despite his fairy-tale clarity in satirizing some historica l events, Orwell is less specific about others. For example, the executions in Chapter VII conflate the Red menace with the Great Purge. The executions themselves bear resemblance to both events, although their details connect them more to the Moscow Trials than to the Red Terror. Squealers subsequent announcement that the executions have ended the Rebellion connects them to the period of the Red Terror, however. Orwell leaves some am large-mindeduity in the identities of the Rebellion and the Battle of the Cowshed. These ambiguities help the reader focus on the overall satire of Stalinism and the broader warning about the evils of totalitarian government.The Inevitability of TotalitarianismOrwell held the pessimistic belief that shogunate was inevitable, even in the West. According to Russell Baker, who wrote the preface to Animal Farms 1996 Signet Classics version, Orwells pessimism stemmed from his having grown up in an age of dictatorship. Witnessing Hitlers and Stalins moveme nts from afar, as well as fighting totalitarianism in the Spanish Civil War, Orwell came to believe in the rise of a new species of autocrat, worse even than the tyrants of old. This cynicism is reflected inboth of his highly successful novels, Animal Farm and 1984. Orwell emphasizes the insidiousness of totalitarianism early in the novel, when the pigs take the fresh milk and apples.The pigs justify their actions on the basis of their superiority they are smart and need more nutrition than the other animals to fuel their brainpower. There is no scientific basis for the pigs claimin fact, if anyone needs more food to fuel their labor, it is the manual laborersbut they can count on the animals being too ignorant to cognize that. In this way, Orwell makes the point that totalitarianism need not be blatant in order to be operating. It can hide under the guise of the greater good as it did in the Soviet Union before the totalitarianism became obvious.Orwell uses a cyclical structure in Animal Farm, which helps advance the idea of totalitarianisms predictability. The novel begins with Jones as autocratic tyrant and ends with Napoleon not only in Joness position, but in his clothes as well. Over the course of the novel, Napoleon essentially becomes Jones just as Stalin becomes an autocrat after pretending to espouse equality and freedom. Orwell cements this idea in the books lowest scene, where he writes, Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No wonder, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again but already it was impossible to say which was which (139). The circularity of Orwells story prevents the reader from imagining a better future for Animal Farm. After all, even if another Rebellion were to take place, its leaders would eventually come to emulate Napoleon.According to Baker, technology turned out to be the force passing people from O rwells age of dictators. But technology can be just another waft under which to rally the people. While Orwell does portray technology as a source of progress in Animal Farm, he points out that it is useless unless it is in the peoples hands. Most notably, even when the windmill is finished it is used for milling corn instead of its original purpose of supplying the animals with electricity in their stalls.Intelligence and Education as Tools of OppressionFrom the very beginning of the novel, we become aware of educations role in stratifying Animal Farms population. Following Majors death, the pigs are the ones that take on the projection of organizing and mobilizing the other animals because they are generally recognized as being the cleverest of the animals (35). At first, the pigs are loyal to their fellow animals and to the revolutionary cause. They translate Majors vision of the future faithfully into the Seven Commandments of Animalism. However, it is not long before the pigs password and education turn from tools of enlightenment to implements of oppression. The moment the pigs are faced with something material that they wantthe fresh milkthey abandon their morals and use their superior intellect and noesis to deceive the other animals.The pigs also limit the other animals opportunities to gain intelligence and education early on. They teach themselves to read and write from a childrens book but destroy it before the other animals can have the same chance. Indeed, most of the animals never learn more than a few letters of the alphabet. Once the pigs cement their status as the educated elite, they use their mental advantage to manipulate the other animals. For example, cognise that the other animals cannot read the Seven Commandments, they revise them whenever they like.The pigs also use their literacy to learn trades from manuals, giving them an opportunity for sparing specialization and advancement. Content in the role of the intelligentsia, the p igs forgo manual labor in favor of clerking and organizing. This shows that the pigs have not only the advantage of opportunity, but also the opportunity to reject whatever opportunities they like. The pigs intelligence and education allow them to bring the other animals into submission through the use of propaganda and revisionism. At the books end, we witness Napoleons preparations to educate a new generation of pigs and indoctrinate them into the code of oppression.Propaganda and hoaxWorking as a propagandist during World War II, Orwell experienced firsthand both the extensive power and the dishonesty of propaganda. Many founts of governments make use of propaganda, not only totalitarian ones. Consider, for instance, the arguments that led many United States citizens to go along with the idea of invading Iraq after the September 11, 2001, terror attacks. Propaganda serves the positive task of uniting the people, sometimes at the cost of misleading them. Orwell takes a firm stan ce on the injuriousness of propaganda in Animal Farm while acknowledging its value for rallying a mistreated and disillusioned populace.In Chapter IX, Orwell demonstrates the positive value of propaganda. By this point, the animals are so downtrodden that they are desperate for something in which to believe. (Note the irony, though it is Napoleon who has robbed them of their belief in the original version of Animalism.) The falsely optimistic statistics, the songs, and especially the Spontaneous Demonstrations give the animals something to live for. This chapter is an exception in terms of portraying propaganda in a positive light. For the majority ofAnimal Farm, Orwell skewers propaganda and exposes its nature as deception.Squealer represents a totalitarian governments propaganda machine. Eloquent to a fault, he can make the animals believe almost anything. This fact is especially clear in Squealers interactions with Clover and Muriel. severally time Clover suspects that the Seve n Commandments have been changed, Squealer manages to convince her that she is wrong. After the executions, Napoleon abolishes the singing of Beasts of England in favor of a new anthem, the lyrics of which contain a promise never to harm Animal Farm. In this propagandist manoeuvre, Napoleon replaces the revolutionary spirit of Beasts of England with the exact opposite, a promise not to rebel.In addition to being a source of manipulation, propaganda is an agent of fear and terror. Orwell demonstrates this quite clearly with Napoleons vilification of Snowball and his assurances that Snowball could attack the animals at any minute. He uses similar fear tactics regarding Frederick and Pilkington. The most egregious example of propaganda in the novel is the maxim that replaces the Seven Commandments All animals are equal / But some animals are more equal than others. The idea of more equal is mathematically improbable and a nonsensical manipulation of language, but bythis time, the anim als are too brainwashed to notice. hysteria and Terror as Means of ControlIn Animal Farm, Orwell criticizes the ways that dictators use ferocity and terror to frighten their populaces into submission. Violence is one of the yokes from which the animals wish to free themselves when they prepare for the Rebellion. Not only does Jones overwork the animals and steal the products of their labor, but he can whip or slaughter them at his discretion. Once the pigs gain control of the animals, they, like Jones, discover how useful violence and terror can be. They use this knowledge to their full advantage. The foremost example of violence and terror in the novel is the pattern of public executions. The executions can be said to represent both the Red Terror and the Great Purge, but they stand more broadly for the abuse of power. For example, they are also similar to the Talibans public executions in Kabuls soccer stadium in red-brick Afghanistan.Capital punishment for criminals is a hotly debated issue. Killing suspected criminals, as Napoleon does, is quite another issue. The executions perhaps best symbolize the Moscow Trials, which were show trials that Stalin arranged to instill fear in the Soviet people. To witnesses at the time, the accused traitors confessions seemed to be given freely. In fact, they were coerced. Napoleon likely coerces confessions from many of the animals that he executes. Orwells use of the allegory genre serves him well in the execution scene. Execution with weapons is a violent and frightful act, but many people have become desensitized to it. Orwells allegorical executioners, the dogs that kill cruelly, portray the bloody and inescapably animalistic side of execution.Terror comes also in threats and propaganda. Each time the animals dare to question an aspect of Napoleons regime, Squealer threatens them with Joness return. This is doubly threatening to the animals because it would mean another battle that, if lost, would result in a retu rn to their former lifestyle of submission. Joness return is such a serious threat that it quashes the animals curiosity without fail. The other major example of feartactics in the novel is the threat of Snowball and his collaborators.Napoleon is able to vilify Snowball in the latters absence and to make the animals believe that his return, like Joness, is imminent. Snowball is a worse threat than Jones, because Jones is at least safely out of Animal Farm. Snowball is proved to be not only lurking along Animal Farms borders but infiltrating the farm. Napoleons public investigation of Snowballs whereabouts cements the animals fear of Snowballs influence. In modern language, Snowball is pegged as the terrorist responsible for the infringements on the rights and liberties instigated by the pigs.Exploitation and the deal for Human RightsExploitation is the issue around which the animals unite. Initially, the animals do not realize Jones is exploiting them. For this reason, Old Majors speech is a revelation of momentous proportions. Major explains to the animals that they are enslaved and exploited and that Man is to blame. He teaches them not only what exploitation means, but also the fact that it is not inevitable. Orwell suggests that exploitation is, in fact, bound to happen when one class of society has an advantage over another. The opposite of exploitation, according to Major, is the state of being abounding and free. Majors ideas about animal rights symbolize the importanceand scarcityof human rights in an autocratic regime. Gaining freedom does not necessarily lead people also to become rich, but it is better to be poor and free than poor and exploited.All the animals on Animal Farm are exploited under Napoleons control, save the pigs. Even the dogs, which work closely with the pigs, are exploited. The dogs face perhaps even a worse form of exploitation than the other animals, because they are made into agents of intimidation and death. Whereas Napoleo n exploits the other animals physical strength and their ignorance, he exploits the dogs viciousness and turns them into villains against their parents wishes.Boxers life is a particularly good-for-nothing example of exploitation because he exploits himself, believing wholeheartedly in Napoleons goodness. In theend, Napoleon turns the tables and exploits Boxer, having him slaughtered for profit. By the end of the novel, we see clearly how the animals participate in their own exploitation. They are beginning to chassis a school for the thirty-one young pigs Napoleon has fathered (perhaps an oblique reference to the Thirty Tyrants of ancient Greece).That schoolhouse will never benefit the animals that build it rather, it will be used to educate the pigs and indoctrinate them into the round of golf of exploiting others. Throughout the novel, Orwell shows us how the lack of human rights results in total helplessness. However, though it underscores the need for human rights, the novel does not suggest how to achieve them. After all, once the animals expel Jones and gain rights for themselves, the pigs take those rights away and the roulette wheel of exploitation continues with new players.Apathy and AcceptanceIn the beginning of Animal Farm, the idea of freedom rouses the animals as if from a long slumber. Immediately following Majors death, the animals begin preparing themselves for the Rebellion just the idea of revolution is enough to motivate them, since they do not expect it to happen in their lifetimes. By the books end, the animals have become as apathetic as Benjamin always was. Despite the many hardships and injustices they face, the animals pride as well as Napoleons propaganda keep them invested in the greater good and the illusion of freedom.If Benjamin is the harbinger of numbness, Boxer is its antithesis. Strong not only in body but also in spirit, Boxer will make any sacrifice for the benefit of Animal Farm. With Boxers eventual betrayal by the leaders he served so unconditionally, Orwell lays bare another type of apathytheirs. Far from truly considering Boxer a loyal comrade, the pigs treat him as apathetically as they would a mere object. Symbolically, they even make a profit by having him turned into literal objects gum and bone meal.Boxers enthusiasm does not give him an advantage, but the other animals eventual apathy gives them a defense mechanism against the painful reality of their lives. It is no coincidence that Animal Farms most apathetic and cynical animal, Benjamin, is one of those that survives thelongest. Benjamins emotional detachment from situations, whether they are good or bad, keeps him from being disappointed. In his apathy and cynicism, Benjamin represents the stereotypical gloomy Russian and also the perennially pessimistic Orwell himself.Summary and analysis of Chapter IMr. Jones, the owner of Manor Farm, stumbles drunkenly up to bed as the farm animals wait in still silence. The moment he is out of sight, they begin to bustle around, preparing themselves for the big meeting that is to take place that night. Old Major has called the meeting to discuss a strange dream he had the previous night. He is waiting for his fellow animals in the big barn.

Muslim women do not receive equal treatment with men Essay Example for Free

Moslem wo hands do non let equal turn custodyt with work force Es secernSome atomic number 74warders think Moslem wo workforce do not play equal treat workforcet with custody. In fact, the aim of Islam is quite the opposite. Examine and com handst on this claim in the context of a multi cultural society.Why is it that western consciousness perceives Islam in such deeply damage terms?Why be negative images of Islam more prevalent than any others? Why is it still agreeable to say things roughly Moslems that would simply be deemed unacceptable of Jews, Christians, or Buddhists? That course of studys of inter-faith dialogue reach through critical to advance a better understanding of the Muslim faith in the western being is an indication of how profoundly entrenched in the West misrepresentations and vulgar stereotypes of Islam ar. The western society generally views itself as the source of wowork forces liberation, and feminists seem to pick up an obligation to broaden their adepts to the eastern oppressed wo hands. West sees the veil as a stumbling block and feels if they were to remove it would it would gain freedom for these wo custody. These views stupefy misunderstood the term of women in Islam and start been publicized in the media.Britain regards itself as giving equal sort come out of the closets to men and women Al h championy oilgh in Britain latest studies view as shown that men ar paid more than women to carry disclose the aforementi mavind(prenominal) task. Surveys encounter shown that employers would quite a employ men than women with the same qualifications. in that respect be hardly any women politicians in comparison to men solely Muslim women worry Khaleda Zia of Bangladesh, have ruled everyplace 300 hundred million Muslims in the 1990s and at a time is currently being ruled by other women. Benazir Bhutto had been the president of Pakistan. There has inseparablely never been a fe spellly president in the United States till this present time.The extent of a religions efficiency depends on what resolution to contr oversial matters like that of women is presented. Islam has provided the around practical outline of friendly organization, match to the natural and corporeal capabilities of some(prenominal) men and women. However other civilisations and faiths prior to Islam reportt with this topic as tumesce, Aristotle and objet darty other Grecian philosophers argued that women were not fully human and this view was accepted in the catholic churches. St Thomas Aquinas another philosopher later put forward his view of the earlier Greek philosopher proposing that women were the traps of Satan. Every evil caused in reality was likely from them. This thought process was accepted throughout the middle ages. Men were the only ones who had rights before the law they could buy, turn over and own a property.Up to this present time male Jews still recite, Blessed art thou our l ord, our God king of the universe that I was not born a female(Alan Unterman, Jews their Religious beliefs and practices,1981, page 140). similarly in Judaism, the Talmud states Woe to the man whose children atomic number 18 female (Ibid, Page 133)In pre Islamic Arabia women were treated like commodities, object desire that were bought and sold like cattle. Some of them were even made to dance naked in the vicinity of the Kaaba during annual festivals. In those times a man could have as many wives as he desired and women were inherited if widowed from father to son. Arabs used to bury their female children alive at birth, and treat women as mere chattels and objects of sexual pleasure possessing no rights or position whatsoever, these teachings of the Noble leger were revolutionary. Unlike other religions, which regarded women as being possessed of inherent sin and wickedness and men as being possessed of inherent virtue and nobility, Islam regards men and women as being of the sa me essence created from a single soul. The record decl arsO you who mean You ar forbidden to inherit women against their pull up stakes. Nor should you treat them with harshness, that you may suck aside part of the dowry you have presumptuousness them except when they have contract guilty of render lewdness. On the contrary live with them on a footing of kindness and equity. If you take a nau do-nothinge to them, it may be that you abhor aroundthing and all in allah will bring roughly through it a great deal of good. (419)O mankind Reverence your Guardian-Lord, who created you from a single somebody, created, of like nature, his mate, and from this pair scattered (like seeds) countless men and women. Reverence Allah, through whom you demand your mutual (rights), and reverence the wombs (that bore you) for Allah ever watches over you. (41)Spiritually men and women are equal. They are created out of identical spiritual material. (According to some old Christians thinke rs) so therefore if women are sinful so are the men because they are identical.In Islam there is abruptly no contravention between men and women as far as their descent to Allah is concerned, as both are promised the same reward for good conduct and the same punishment for evil conduct. The rule book saysAnd for women are rights over men similar to those of men over women. (2226)The rule book, in ad sicing the believers, often uses the expression, believing men and women to accent the equality of men and women in regard to their respective duties, rights, virtues and merits. It saysFor Muslim men and women, for businesslike men and women, for au pasttic men and women, for men and women who are patient and constant, for men and women who humble themselves, for men and women who support in charity, for men and women who fast, for men and women who contain their chastity, and for men and women who engage much in Allahs praise, for them has Allah prepared forbearance and grea t reward. (3335)Enter into Paradise, you and your wives, with delight. (4370)Who so does that which is right, and believes, whether male or female, him or her will We quicken to happy life. (1697)The Quran admonishes those men who oppress or ruin women The prophet of Islam ( quiescence be upon him) verbalize,Women are the twin halves of men.The Quran emphasizes the essential unity of men and women in a most beautiful simileThey (your wives) are your fit and you are a prune for them. (2187) the ideal relationship between husband and married charr is graphically described in the above verse.Just as a garment hides our nakedness, so do husband and married woman, by entering into the relationship of marriage, secure each others chastity. The garment gives comfort to the body so does the husband witness comfort in his wifes company and she in his. The garment is the grace, the beauty, the embellishment of the body, so too are wives to their husbands as their husbands are to them.I slam does not consider woman an cock of the Devil, simply sooner the Quran calls her musanat a defense against Satan because a good woman, by weding a man, helps him keep to the caterpillar tread of rectitude in his life. It is for this causal agency that marriage was considered by the prophesier Muhammad (peace be upon him) as a most virtuous act. He tell When a man marries, he has completed one half of his religion. He en bonded matrimony on Muslims by saying Marriage is part of my way and whoever keeps apart from my way is not from me (i.e. is not my follower). The Quran has assumption the raison dtre of marriage in the following speech communicationAnd among His signs is this that He has created for you mates from among yourselves, that you may dwell in tranquility with them and He has put love and favor between you. verily in that are signs for those who reflect. (3021)The illusionist Muhammad (peace be upon him) was full of praise for virtuous and absolute women . He saidThe world and all things in the world are precious but the most precious thing in the world is a virtuous woman. He once told the future khalif, Umar Shall I not inform you about the best respect a man send word hoard? It is a virtuous wife who pleases him whenever he shape up outs towards her, and who guards herself when he is bump off from her.On other occasions the oracle saidThe best property a man can have is a remembering tongue (about Allah), a grateful heart and a believing wife who helps him in his faith. And again The world, the whole of it, is a commodity and the best of the commodities of the world is a virtuous wife.The illusionist (peace be upon him) was most emphatic in prohibit upon Muslims to be kind to their women when he delivered his famous khutba on the Mount of Mercy at Arafat in the heraldic bearing of one hundred and twenty-four thousand of his Companions who had collect there for the Hajj al-Wada (Farewell Pilgrimage). In it he tell thos e present, and through them all those Muslims who were to rally later, to be humble and kind towards women. He saidFear Allah regarding women. Verily you have married them with the trust of Allah, and made their bodies rightful(a) with the word of Allah. You have got (rights) over them, and they have got (rights) over you in respect of their food and clothing according to your actor.One who asks efforts (to help) the widow or a pathetic person is like a mujahid (warrior) in the path of Allah, or like one who stands up for prayers in the night and fasts in the day.These aspects were much emphasized by the Prophet (peace be upon him). He exhorted men to marry women of piety and women to be faithful to their husbands and kind to their children. He saidAmong my followers the best of men are those who are best to their wives, and the best of women are those who are best to their husbands. To each of such women is sterilise tweak a reward equivalent to the reward of a thousand mar tyrs. Among my followers, again, the best of women are those who serve well their husbands in their work, and love them dearly for everything,Islam, as a religion recognizes mens and womens role as different but, however it sure enough does not regard them as superior or inferior than one or the other. Both roles are as important as each other.Islam has been designed to be flexible enough to be interpreted in a variety of ways to cover a variety of cultures, times, contexts, individual personalities. both men and women should dress (in public) in a manner that will de-accentuate their sexuality1. The Surah an-Nur saysTell the believing men to lower their eye and guard their private parts Tell the believing women to lower their eyes, guard their private parts and not display their charms except what is apparent outwardly (an-Nur 2430-31).O Prophet Tell thy wives and thy daughters, as well as all (other) believing women, that they should draw over themselves some of their outer garm ents (when in public) this will be more conducive to their being recognized (as decent women) and not annoyed. But (withal,) God is indeed much-forgiving, a dispenser of grace (al-Ahzab 3359, Asad transl.)The spirit of this ayat is to dress in a manner that will signal unavailability.The ground why another ayat (an-Nur 2460) is crucial in gaining a broad overview of the Quranic fancy of appropriate dress is that it implies that women should wear in public more than what they would wear in private, in front of their intimates their families. So this leads to cardinal basic points in considering how to dressa) the universal idea of de-sexualized dressb) the time and context specific concept of being identifiable as a Muslimc) that before she reaches old age (and preferably after(prenominal)) a Muslim woman should wear more in public than she would privately in front of family.As long as these three injunctions are met, there is a wide range of options bold to the Muslim woman dep ending on the context of the society in which she lives and moves in public.Today, Muslim womens dress has been politicized and carries with it many contrasted symbols and meanings perhaps the most visible is the use of head finish as a confrontation against western colonialism.Muslim woman has to have the right and freedom to choose how she interprets her dress code. This primeval acknowledgement of her free ability to choose (or not) the path of Allah (swt) is more important than any type of specifics about what constitutes hijab (or appropriate covering of the body). Without this freedom to interpret Islam to the best of her ability (a part of which, of course, is sampleing the informed opinions of knowledgeable Muslims in install to educate herself) she is not living up to her potential as a human being, and that is more fundamental than what clothes are being worn.As the Quran saysThere is no compulsion in matter of faith. Distinct is the way of guidance now from error (A l-Baqarah 2256, A.Ali translation)The queen of her house, is the position a true believer is expected to give his wife. In contrast to these enlightened teachings of Islam in respect of women, westbound talking to of womens liberation or independence is actually a disguised form of exploitation of her body, deprivation of her honor, and adulteration of her soulIslam has habituated the highest position to women on earth, while Europe and the west were wallowing in the dregs of abasement and savagery. Islam had accorded women a position of honour, respect, safety and love, which has not yet been matched to this day, let alone being superseded and excelled.When questioned about status one must consider Muslim womens rights in the field of finance. A Muslim woman has the right to full ownership and disposal of wealth at will. This right was granted to her about 1423 years ago whilst Britain, women didnt have this right untill1860s. Her father if she was unmarried must provide fo r a Muslim woman or by her husband if married however rich she may be, she is not responsible for domestic expenditures. This is one of many privileges given to women.The Holy Prophet (Sallallaahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, The searching of knowledge is incumbent for every Muslim (male and female).Women should postdate their education as far as it is possible. One of the main aims of acquiring knowledge in Islam is to be perplex Allah-conscious. In the history of Islam there were women who were narrators of Hadith, mystics, scholars, writers, poets and teachers, in their own right. They utilized their knowledge within certain precepts of Islam.The west has fabricated many myths that Muslim women are not allowed to work. These myths have no basis in Islamic law. It is natural in Islamic societies for there to be a female doctors and teachers. However, she is not required to act in trade, vocation or professions unless necessary. A woman must receive her husbands approval in browse to work, because he may feel that her work will cause her to neglect her matrimonial duties and care of the childrenMuslim women just like the men are prohibited from victorious on jobs that sell her femininity to make money (dancing, prostitution, modeling etc) even if her husband doesnt mind. Apart from those jobs that are prohibited in Islam all others are lawful. A women is entitled to equal pay of equal work of equal value, this concept was established by Islam centuries ago. Although a woman can inherit from her father, children and husbands when before Islam she could not inherit at all, the rate of her heritage is half that of a man. In order to requisite this apparent unfairness, Islam gives women many privileges e.g. dowry which is obligatory and is her own. Quran saysAnd give women their dowries as a free gift (44)A woman has the right to choose who she marries and shouldnt be forced to marry anyone with out her wish. She can even have her marriage annulled in a move of l aw if she can prove that her parents/guardians went ahead with it against her will.Yet there is a resounding silence when the issue being raised is pistillate Genital Mutilation (FGM), honor killings, forced marriages, the unequal application of hadd punishments on women, or the denial of education to girls and women. All of these wrongs are perpetrated on women in the name of Islam. Genital mutilation for females is not allowed in Islam? Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him clearly prohibited mutilation or maiming of the body. maculation it is true that many of these violations occur across cultural and religious boundaries, the only activeness often taken by conservative Muslims is a condemnation of the action because it is cultural and not Islamic. Meanwhile, women continue to be murdered and little girls continue to be mutilated.Polygamy is a misunderstood phenomenon that is more a remedial law in Islam than anything else, used only if necessary. Monotheism is a norm in Muslim societies past and present, and one must remember that prior to Islam, men could have as many wives as they desired. so much that many women were deserted for long periods of time. The verse in the quran that legitimates polygamy was revealed after the battle of uhud, when many widows and orphans were left without care. Hence at the time polygamy was the answer. Although in some extreme circumstances e.g.when the wife is a barren, seriously ill, and mentally unstable or has a blighted character. In these cases a man can marry again if he feels the presence of the second wife will profit the wife, the children or him. However Islam insist that the man treat both wives equally in every aspect possible.The quran saysIf you fear that you will not be able to deal justly with orphans, marry women of your choice , two or three or four but if you fear that you will not be able to deal justly with them, then only one (43)Islam recognizes that marriages are sacral and are a civil contract between husband and wife which should work or be dismantled if it ceases to do so. Although Islam permits separate the prophet (pbuh) saysOf all the things that Islam has permitted, divorce is the most hated by Allah. This shows divorce shouldnt be taken lightly. Divorce is a right mainly available to men (although a woman can demand to have it in a marriage contract).As well When Islam discusses the deficiencies of women it is neither swaggering them nor belittling them. Some men, unfortunately, do precisely that when they quote the words of the Prophet (peace be upon him) that women have a deficiency in their intellect and their religion. They take these words out of context as a means of oppressing women and putting them down.The Prophet (peace be upon him) meant something quite different. He said I have never seen among those who have a deficiency in their intellect and their religion anyone more capable than women of swaying the intellect of the most contumacious of men. He is actually asserting here the power of women to influence men and sway their opinion. This is one of the distinctions that women, in their natures, have.He then went on to define precisely what he meant by these deficiencies. In the remainder of the hadth, some women asked him O Messenger of Allah, what is this deficiency in our intelligence and religion? He replied Isnt it that a womans testimony as a witness is half of the testimony of man? They said Yes. He said This, then, is the deficiency in her intelligence. Isnt it true that when she is in her menses, she leaves off prayers and fasting? They said Yes. He said This is the deficiency in her religion. thence to every male witness there destiny to be two female witnesses also because of their lack of knowledge and experience women are not preferred to be positioned as judges in Islam. There is no specific directive of the Shariah that prohibits a woman from leaders prayers. Therefore, we cannot say that Islam prohibits a wo man from leading prayers.The matter actually relates to the general practice of the Prophet (pbuh), which was subsequently followed by the Muslim leaders that followed the Prophet (pbuh). This practice of the Prophet (pbuh) as well as the Muslim leaders, who followed him, subsequently became a part of the hearty traditions of the Muslims. Thus, it is not a directive of the Shariah, but a part of the Muslim cultural tradition that men, rather than women should lead prayers. This gender-based distinction, it seems, has its basis on a few important facts.For instance, although the Prophet (pbuh) encouraged Muslim women to come to the mosques to offer their obligatory prayers with the congregation, yet it was not as tender a directive for them, as it was for the Muslim men. The nature and the variance of the Prophet (pbuh)s directive has generally resulted in a lower number of Muslim women being present in mosques, as compared to men. In many places, women are not even seen (even in l ower numbers) in mosques. Thus, especially when the over whelming majority of the great unwashed present in mosques consists of men, it was natural that a man was appointed as the Imam to lead the prayers.Moreover, because the Imam holds a central position in the mosque and naturally becomes the center of trouble for all those who are present, it seemed a better decision that a man, rather than a woman, be appointed for this position. We obviously do not have any control over the thoughts and emotions of all those present in the mosque. Thus, to keep the minds clear of any sexual thoughts, especially in the mosques, it was entangle more appropriate to appoint a man as the Imam.These are a few of the points that have played a role in the general acceptance of this socio-cultural tradition among the Muslims. The matter, as I have stated earlier does not pertain to any prohibition of the Shariah.Women are very capable of taking on any job previously monopolized by men, said Ms Hindi, a former slope literature student at a college in Mecca, her home town.Women not allowed to drive cars in Saudi Arabia because of the ban on women driving in Saudi Arabia was made official only in 1990 after 47 women demonstrated against what was then a customary law by driving a convoy of cars in Riyadh. They were arrested and detained until male relatives signed undertakings that they would not violate the ban again. The ban was made official by a fatwa issued by the Council of Senior Ulama (religious scholars). Women driving leads too many evils . . . included among these is her mixing with men without her being on her guard, the fatwa said.O Messenger of Allah, who is the person who has the greatest right on me with regards to kindness and attention? He replied, Your mother. Then who? He replied, Your mother. Then who? He replied, Your mother. Then who? He replied, Your father.In another tradition, the Prophet advised a believer not to hook up with the war against the Qurais h in defense of Islam, but to look after his mother, saying that his serve to his mother would be a cause of his salvation. Muawiyah, the son of Jahimah, reported that Jahimah came to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and said, Messenger of Allah I want to join the fighting (in the path of Allah) and I have come to seek your advice. He said, Then remains in your mothers service, because Paradise is under her feet.The Prophets followers accepted his teachings and brought about a revolution in their social military capability towards women. They no longer considered women as mere chattels, but as an integral part of society. For the offshoot time women were given the right to have a office in inheritance. In the new social climate, women rediscovered themselves and became highly active members of society rendering useful service during the wars which the pagan Arabs forced on the emergent Muslim umma. They carried provisions for the soldiers, nursed them, and even fought alongside them if it was necessary. It became a common sight to see women parcel their husbands in the fields, carrying on trade and business independently, and going out of their homes to satisfy their needs.Among my followers the best of men are those who are best to their wives, and the best of women are those who are best to their husbands. To each of such women is set down a reward equivalent to the reward of a thousand martyrs. Among my followers, again, the best of women are those who assist their husbands in their work, and love them dearly for everything, save what is a fault of Allahs laws.The Shariah regards women as the spiritual and intellectual equals of men.The Shariah requires a man, as head of the family, to consult with his family and then to have the final say in decisions concerning it. In doing so he must not disgust his prerogative to cause any crack to his wife.The word of the Prophet (peace be upon him), the queen of her house, and this is the position a true beli ever is expected to give his wife. In contrast to these enlightened teachings of Islam in respect of women, Western talk of womens liberation or emancipation is actually a disguised form of exploitation of her body, deprivation of her honour, and degradation of her soulManji is lesbian and has adamantly argued that the condemnation of homosexuality by most strains of traditional Islam is at odds with Quranic doctrine that Allah makes excellent everything which He creates. Her partner is Michelle Douglas, a Canadian activist.Manji has been a vocal connoisseur of orthodox Islam, especially that treatment of women by some Muslims. She does not wear a headscarf or chadar whereas most traditional Muslim women do observe the hijab. She has criticized the Palestinian leadership and the opinions of some Muslims about Israel.WOMEN IN THE QURAN AND THE SUNNAHProf. Abdur Rahman I. Doi Professor and Director, Center for Islamic Legal Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaira, Nigeria.In Islam th ere is absolutely no difference between men and women as far as their relationship to Allah is concerned, as both are promised the same reward for good conduct and the same punishment for evil conduct. The Quran saysAnd for women are rights over men similar to those of men over women. (2226)The Quran, in plowing the believers, often uses the expression, believing men and women to emphasize the equality of men and women in regard to their respective duties, rights, virtues and merits. It saysFor Muslim men and women, for believing men and women, for devout men and women, for true men and women, for men and women who are patient and constant, for men and women who humble themselves, for men and women who give in charity, for men and women who fast, for men and women who guard their chastity, and for men and women who engage much in Allahs praise, for them has Allah prepared forgiveness and great reward. (3335)Enter into Paradise, you and your wives, with delight. (4370)Who so does th at which is right, and believes, whether male or female, him or her will We quicken to happy life. (1697)The Quran admonishes those men who oppress or ill-treat womenThe Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him) said,Women are the twin halves of men.The Quran emphasizes the essential unity of men and women in a most beautiful simileThey (your wives) are your garment and you are a garment for them. (2187)Just as a garment hides our nakedness, so do husband and wife, by entering into the relationship of marriage, secure each others chastity. The garment gives comfort to the body so does the husband materialize comfort in his wifes company and she in his. The garment is the grace, the beauty, the embellishment of the body, so too are wives to their husbands as their husbands are to them. Islam does not consider woman an instrument of the Devil, but rather the Quran calls her muhsana a fortress against Satan because a good woman, by marrying a man, helps him keep to the path of rectitude i n his life. It is for this reason that marriage was considered by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) as a most virtuous act. He said When a man marries, he has completed one half of his religion. He enjoined matrimony on Muslims by saying Marriage is part of my way and whoever keeps away from my way is not from me (i.e. is not my follower). The Quran has given the raison dtre of marriage in the following wordsAnd among His signs is this that He has created for you mates from among yourselves, that you may dwell in tranquility with them and He has put love and mercy between you. Verily in that are signs for those who reflect. (3021)The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was full of praise for virtuous and chaste women. He saidThe world and all things in the world are precious but the most precious thing in the world is a virtuous woman. He once told the future khalif, Umar Shall I not inform you about the best treasure a man can hoard? It is a virtuous wife who pleases him wh enever he looks towards her, and who guards herself when he is absent from her.On other occasions the Prophet saidThe best property a man can have is a remembering tongue (about Allah), a grateful heart and a believing wife who helps him in his faith. And again The world, the whole of it, is a commodity and the best of the commodities of the world is a virtuous wife.The Prophet (peace be upon him) was most emphatic in enjoining upon Muslims to be kind to their women when he delivered his famous khutba on the Mount of Mercy at Arafat in the presence of one hundred and twenty-four thousand of his Companions who had gathered there for the Hajj al-Wada (Farewell Pilgrimage). In it he ordered those present, and through them all those Muslims who were to come later, to be respectful and kind towards women. He saidFear Allah regarding women. Verily you have married them with the trust of Allah, and made their bodies lawful with the word of Allah. You have got (rights) over them, and they h ave got (rights) over you in respect of their food and clothing according to your means.One who makes efforts (to help) the widow or a poor person is like a mujahid (warrior) in the path of Allah, or like one who stands up for prayers in the night and fasts in the day.O Messenger of Allah, who is the person who has the greatest right on me with regards to kindness and attention? He replied, Your mother. Then who? He replied, Your mother. Then who? He replied, Your mother. Then who? He replied, Your father.In another tradition, the Prophet advised a believer not to join the war against the Quraish in defense of Islam, but to look after his mother, saying that his service to his mother would be a cause of his salvation. Muawiyah, the son of Jahimah, reported that Jahimah came to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and said, Messenger of Allah I want to join the fighting (in the path of Allah) and I have come to seek your advice. He said, Then remain in your mothers service, because Paradi se is under her feet.The Prophets followers accepted his teachings and brought about a revolution in their social attitude towards women. They no longer considered women as a mere chattels, but as an integral part of society. For the first time women were given the right to have a share in inheritance. In the new social climate, women rediscovered themselves and became highly active members of society rendering useful service during the wars which the pagan Arabs forced on the emerging Muslim umma. They carried provisions for the soldiers, nursed them, and even fought alongside them if it was necessary. It became a common sight to see women helping their husbands in the fields, carrying on trade and business independently, and going out of their homes to satisfy their needs.Among my followers the best of men are those who are best to their wives, and the best of women are those who are best to their husbands. To each of such women is set down a reward equivalent to the reward of a t housand martyrs. Among my followers, again, the best of women are those who assist their husbands in their work, and love them dearly for everything, save what is a transgression of Allahs laws.The Shariah regards women as the spiritual and intellectual equals of men.The Shariah requires a man, as head of the family, to consult with his family and then to have the final say in decisions concerning it. In doing so he must not abuse his prerogative to cause any injury to his wife.The words of the Prophet (peace be upon him), the queen of her house, and this is the position a true believer is expected to give his wife. In contrast to these enlightened teachings of Islam in respect of women, Western talk of womens liberation or emancipation is actually a disguised form of exploitation of her body, deprivation of her honour, and degradation of her soulhttp//www.allaahuakbar.net/womens/rights_of_women_guaranteed_by_islam.htmA battle array OF REFERENCES FROM THE QURAN AND HADEETH ABOUT TH E RIGHTS OF WOMEN GUARANTEED BY ISLAMSpiritual Equality of Women and MenAllah has got ready forgiveness and tremendous rewards for the Muslim men and women the believing men and women the devout men and women the truthful men and women the patiently suffering men and women the humble men and women the almsgiving men and women the fasting men and women, the men and women who guard their chastity and the men and women who are exceedingly mindful of Allah. (Al-Ahzab 3335)Attitudes towards womenO ye who believe Ye are forbidden to inherit women against their will. Nor should ye treat them with harshness, that ye may take away part of the dower ye have given them,-except where they have been guilty of open lewdness on the contrary live with them on a footing of kindness and equity. If ye take a dislike to them it may be that ye dislike a thing, and Allah brings about through it a great deal of good. (An-Nisa 419)Collaboration and consultationThe believing men and women, are associates an d helpers of each other. They (collaborate) to promote all that is beneficial and monish all that is evil to establish prayers and give alms, and to obey Allah and his Messenger. Those are the people whom Allah would grant mercy. Indeed Allah is mightily and Wise. (Al-Taubah 971)Womens Right to Attend MosquesNarrated Ibn Umar The Prophet (p.b.u.h) said, Allow women to go to the Mosques at night. (Bukhari brashness 2, keep 13, minute 22)Ibn Umar reported The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said Do not deprive women of their share of the mosques, when they seek permission from you. Bilal said By Allah, we would certainly prevent them. Abdullah said I say that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said it and you say We would certainly prevent them (Sahih Muslim Book 004, Number 0891)The Common executing of AblutionsNarrated Ibn Umar It used to be that men and women would perform ablutions together in the time of the Messenger of Allahs assembly. (Bukhari 1 Ch. 45, Book of Ablution)Womens Right of ProposalNarrated Sahl A woman came to the Prophet, and presented herself to him (for marriage). He said, I am not in need of women these days. Then a man said, O Allahs Apostle Marry her to me. The Prophet asked him, What have you got? He said, I have got aught. The Prophet said, Give her something, even an iron ring. He said, I have got nothing. The Prophet asked (him), How much of the Quran do you know (by heart)? He said, So much and so much. The Prophet said, I have married her to you for what you know of the Quran. (Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 72)Womens Right of PermissionNarrated Abu Huraira The Prophet said, A matron should not be given in marriage except after consulting her and a virgin should not be given in marriage except after her permission. The people asked, O Allahs Apostle How can we know her permission? He said, Her silence (indicates her permission). (Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 67)The Right of Women not to be For cedNarrated Ibn Abbas Bariras husband was a slave called Mughith, as if I am seeing him now, going behind Barira and weeping with his tears sleek down his beard. The Prophet said to Abbas, O Abbas are you not astonished at the love of Mughith for Barira and the abhorrence of Barira for Mughith? The Prophet then said to Barira, Why dont you return to him? She said, O Allahs Apostle Do you order me to do so? He said, No, I only intercede for him. She said, I am not in need of him. (Bukhari Volume 7, Book 63, Number 206)The Characteristics of a Believing ManNarrated AbuHurayrah Allahs Messenger (pbuh) said a believing man should not hate a believing woman if he dislikes one of her characteristics, he will be pleased with another. (Muslim Book 8, Number 3469)The Education of WomenNarrated Abu Said A woman came to Allahs Apostle and said, O Allahs Apostle Men (only) benefit by your teachings, so please devote to us from (some of) your time, a day on which we may come to you so that yo u may teach us of what Allah has taught you. Allahs Apostle said, Gather on such-and-such a day at such-and-such a place. They gathered and Allahs Apostle came to them and taught them of what Allah had taught him. (Bukhari Volume 9, Book 92, Number 413)On the Treatment of WomenNarrated Muawiyah al-Qushayri I went to the Apostle of Allah (pbuh) and asked him What do you say (command) about our wives? He replied Give them food what you have for yourself, and clothe them by which you clothe yourself, and do not incur them, and do not revile them. (Sunan Abu Dawud Book 11, Number 2139) The best of you is one who is best towards his family and I am best towards the family. (At-Tirmithy). None but a noble man treats women in an honourable manner. And none but an ignoble treats women disgracefully. (At-Tirmithy).A Husbands AttitudeUmar ibn al-Khattab (RA) said that a man came to his house to complain about his wife. On reaching the door of his house, he hears Umars wife shouting at him an d reviling him. Seeing this, he was about to go back, thinking that Umar himself was in the same position and, therefore, could hardly suggest any solution for his problem. Umar (RA) saw the man turn back, so he called him and enquired about the purpose of his visit. He said that he had come with a complaint against his wife, but turned back on seeing the Caliph in the same position.Umar (RA) told him that he tolerated the excesses of his wife for she had certain rights against him. He said, Is it not true that she prepares food for me, washes clothes for me and suckles my children, thus saving me the expense of employing a cook, a washerman and a nurse, though she is not legally obliged in any way to do any of these things? Besides, I enjoy peace of mind because of her and am kept away from indecent acts on account of her. I therefore tolerate all her excesses on account of these benefits. It is right that you should also adopt the same attitude. quoted in Rahman, Role of Muslim Wo men page 149The Prophets Disapproval of Women BeatersPatient manner was the practice of the Prophet, even when his wife dared to address him harshly. Once his mother-in-law- saw her daughter strike him with her fist on his noble chest. When the enraged mother -in-law began to reproach her daughter, the Prophet smilingly said, Leave her alone they do worsened than that. And once Abu Bakr, his father-in-law, was invited to settle some misunderstanding between him and Aishah.The Prophet said to her, Will you speak, or shall I speak? Aisha said, You speak, but do not say except the truth. Abu Bakr was so outraged that he outright struck her severely, forcing her to run and seek protection behind the back of the Prophet. Abu Bakr said, O you the enemy of herself Does the Messenger of Allah say but the truth? The Prophet said, O Abu Bakr, we did not invite you for this harsh dealing with Aishah, nor did we anticipate it. quoted in correlative Rights and Obligationshttp//www.allaahuakba r.net/womens/women_sharia_and_oppression.htmA lot of attention has been focused on the issue of Muslim women and human rights since September 11, some all of it by non Muslims. Once again, images of women swathed in black veils or blue burqas are de rigeur, as the media severely reminds us that Muslim women are not considered equals to men in Islam, and that they are oppressed even by the moderate regimes in the Muslim world.From the Muslims, we have one of two reactions. The first is the reaction of the liberal, reformist, secular Muslims. They believe that Sharia oppresses women, and that we need to completely overhaul it, or toss out sections of the Quran that are uncomfortable, or institute secular forms of government that separate the sacred from the legal all together. These are the same Muslims who represent Hijab with oppression, and who support the denial of free speech rights to Islamists (all the while, crying for their rights to free speech in countries where it is de nied). They take their semipolitical thought not from Islamic sources, but from feminism, socialism, and capitalism. Naturally, it is to these Muslims that the Western media turns when it wants a Muslim perspective on Muslim issues.On the other side, we have the organizers of the mainstream conservative Muslims, the leaders of our civic societies, advocacy groups, and associations. When presented with instances of womens oppression in the Islamic world, these Muslims, almost always men, respond defensively. They cart out examples of womens oppression in the Western world, or worse, they address the issue by lecturing the questioner about the virtues of the Ideal Place of Women in Ideal Islam. In other words, they treat the ideal that we are all aspire to as the reality on the ground. press into taking a stand on real life issues, they retreat in anger. Thats culture, not Islam, it has nothing to do with me as a Muslim, they sniff.Who speaks for them? Most often, it is the United Na tions, human rights groups, and feminist organizations, led by people who have no foundations of knowledge in Islam, and who often have a real antipathy for Islam. While the Feminist Majority Fund was selling swatches of burqa and petitioning the government for action on behalf of Afghan women, the leaders of our Islamic societies bank checked silent. Publicly, many Islamic leaders and organizations disassociated themselves from the Taliban, but other than denying them entry into the Organization of Islamic Conferences (OIC), they took no action to petition the Taliban for change from an Islamic view, or form any sort of Islamic opposition. possibly this is because when any Islamic organization or individual Muslim attempts to change or speak out about injustices towards Muslim women, the rest of the community circles the wagons. These lone souls are labeled al-Qaida feminists, and accused of attempting to countercheck Islam.Strangely, when a Muslim womans Islamic rights are viol ated, many organizations are eager to speak out and petition. For example, when Merve Kavacki was denied her seat in the Turkish Parliament because of her headscarf (and later stripped of her citizenship), Muslim groups were quick to condemn the Turkish government, as they should have. In many Western Muslim circles, Merve has been elevated to a symbol of the struggle muhajabat women face in secular societies.Yet there is a resounding silence when the issue being raised is female Genital Mutilation (FGM), honor killings, forced marriages, the unequal application of hadd punishments on women, or the denial of education to girls and women. All of these wrongs are perpetrated on women in the name of Islam. While it is true that many of these violations occur across cultural and religious boundaries, the only action often taken by conservative Muslims is a condemnation of the action because it is cultural and not Islamic. Meanwhile, women continue to be murdered and little girls contin ue to be mutilated.In Africa, conservative sheikhs teamed up with womens rights advocates to educate people about the harms of Female Genital Mutilation. These people get very little mention in the Western media, which, of course, paints the Islamists as the opponents of an enlightened, secular minority of liberal Muslims.About a year ago, a small band of conservative Muslim women, almost all of us from the West, came up with the idea of starting a Muslim womens human rights group, to petition and advocate for the rights of Muslim women as they are given in the Sharia of Islam. Although slow to start, we have managed to form a basis from which to work, and have taken up our first case.Right now, a Muslim woman in Nigeria is under a death denounce from the Sharia court for the criminal offense of adultery. The situation came to the attention of the authorities when the man who impregnated her decided to confess his crime to the police, rather than pay the child support that her fat her asked of him. There are many glaring errors in the case, from a classical, Orthodox fiqh point of view. These errors (which would aid the woman) are not coming from a reformist reinterpretation of Sharia, these errors are so great that any of the qadis of the past would have thrown the case against her out.Prophet Mohammed, sallalahu aleyhi wa salaam, was mocked and assaulted because of his strong and courageous stance on the status of women. He came with a message that lifted women up and gave them dignity. fourteen hundred years later, we have descended back into the dark pit of Jahiliya, and Muslim women around the world find themselves cast into the same slavery that the Prophet, sallalahu aleyhi wa salaam, was sent to liberate them from.It does not make you a radical feminist to decry honor killings and volunteer for peaceful campaigns to educate and change laws. Raising your voice against Female Genital Mutilation does not mean you want to undermine Islam. To the contrary, working against these injustices in the way of Allah is a manifestation of the desire to uplift Islam and the Muslim people.When the Taliban decided to deny education to any girl over a certain age, it is the conservative Muslims, the ones who profess adherence to Quran and Sunnah that should have spoken the loudest against this. The longer we stay silent, the more people, both Muslim and non Muslim, will begin to equate Sharia with the oppression of women.